Manufacturing

This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for marketed and delivered ethanol to be used as an extender for automotive fuel for petrol engine vehicles in accordance with the requirements of EN 228. It is applicable to ethanol used for blending at all levels up to and including 85 % (V/V).

NOTE          For the purposes of this document, the term “% (m/m)” and “% (V/V)” are used to represent the mass fraction, µ, and the volume fraction, φ, respectively.

This part of EN 12607 specifies a method for measuring the combined effects of heat and air on a thin moving film of bitumen or bituminous binder, simulating the hardening which most bituminous binders undergo during mixing in an asphalt mixing plant. The method is suitable for other bituminous binders than paving grade bitumen, but the reference temperature might give excessive hardening that do not resemble real conditions during mixing at the plant. The method may not represent the hardening that occurs during mixing of warm mix binders.

The method is referred to as RFT, i.e. Rotating Flask Test.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

If there is a likelihood of volatile components being present in a binder, this procedure should not be used. It should not be used for cut-back bitumen or bituminous emulsions before these products have been stabilised, e.g. in accordance with EN 13074-2.

This European Standard specifies a method for determining the degree of solubility of bituminous binders having little or no mineral matter other than recovered bituminous binders from asphalt mixes, in a specific solvent. Toluene is used as the solvent for reference tests.

NOTE          Bituminous binders will have varying solubility in different solvents.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the kinematic viscosity of bituminous binders at 60 °C and 135 °C, in a range from 6 mm²/s to 300 000 mm²/s. Other temperatures are possible if calibration constants are known. Bituminous emulsions are not covered within the scope of this method.

NOTE          Emulsions containing bituminous binders are not considered to be covered by this method. The method can be used for anhydrous binders obtained from emulsions (stabilised and/or recovered binders).

Results for this method can be used to calculate dynamic viscosity when the density of the test material is known or can be determined.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This part of EN 12607 describes a method for measuring the combined effects of heat and air on a film of bitumen or bituminous binder, simulating the hardening which most bituminous binders undergo during mixing in an asphalt mixing plant. The method is suitable for other bituminous binders than paving grade bitumen, but the reference temperature might give excessive hardening that do not resemble real conditions during mixing at the plant. The method may not represent the hardening that occurs during mixing of warm mix binders.

Additionally, this part of EN 12607 specifies a method for the determination of the change in mass of oxidised bitumens and hard industrial bitumens after heating. The method is used to detect volatile components, and in EN 13304 and EN 13305, it will be reported as loss in mass.

The method is referred to as TFOT, i.e. Thin Film Oven Test.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

If there is a likelihood of volatile components being present in a binder, this procedure should not be used. It should not be used for cutback bitumen or bituminous emulsions before these products have been stabilised, e.g. in accordance with EN 13074-2.

This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the dynamic viscosity of bituminous binders by means of a vacuum capillary viscometer at 60 °C in a range between 0,003 6 Pa · s to over 580 000 Pa · s. Bituminous emulsions are not within the scope of this method.

NOTE 1       Emulsions containing bituminous binders are not considered to be covered by this method. This method can be used for anhydrous binders obtained from emulsions (stabilised and/or recovered binders).

NOTE 2       The viscosity behaviour of some polymer modified bitumens (PMB) is not demonstrated in a vacuum capillary viscometer. Other methods are more relevant.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This European Standard specifies the test method for the determination of the open assembly time for thermoplastic wood adhesives for non-structural applications by tensile shear strength. It is carried out on standardised test pieces glued with increasing open times.

This part of EN 12607 specifies a method for measuring the combined effects of heat and air on a thin moving film of bitumen or bituminous binder simulating the hardening which most bituminous binders undergo during mixing in an asphalt mixing plant.

The method described is not applicable to some modified binders or to those where the viscosity is too high to provide a moving film. The sample may creep out of the glass container and flow on the heating elements of the oven during testing. The method is suitable for other bituminous binders than paving grade bitumen, but the reference temperature might give excessive hardening that do not resemble real conditions during mixing at the plant. The method may not represent the hardening that occurs during mixing of warm mix binders.

The method is referred to as RTFOT, i.e. Rolling Thin Film Oven Test.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

If there is a likelihood of volatile components being present in a binder, this procedure should not be used. It should not be used for cutback bitumen or bituminous emulsions before these products have been stabilised, e.g. in accordance with EN 13074-2.

This European Standard specifies a method for preparing samples of bituminous binders in order to test their properties.

WARNING — Use of this European Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This European Standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this European Standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

This part of EN 927 addresses performance criteria for coating systems on exterior wood. Performance requirements are specified according to three categories of end use (defined in prEN 927-1) in terms of two mandatory tests namely natural weathering performance testing carried out in accordance with EN 927-3, and water permeability in accordance with EN 927-5. Additional optional tests (non-mandatory) are tabled which may be used by suppliers, or for specification purposes, to provide additional information, to a standardised format, on aspects of performance relevant to specific situations. The majority of test methods are drawn from EN 927 (all parts), but where relevant additional tests from other national and international sources are used.

Requirements for claiming conformity with EN 927-2 are defined and provide flexibility for different situations and can if required provide a basis for certification.

This European Standard specifies a test method for airtightness of the closures for flexible tubes.

It is applicable to flexible single-layer metal or plastics tubes and multilayer or laminated tubes used for packing pharmaceutical, cosmetic, hygiene, food and other domestic and industrial products.

This European Standard specifies a method to test the orientation of the flip-top cap on flexible tubes.

It is applicable to aluminium, plastic and laminated tubes used for packing pharmaceutical, cosmetic, hygiene, food and other domestic and industrial products.

This International Standard is intended for determination of the minor elements Arsenic, Cadmium, Cobalt, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Lead, Antimony, Vanadium and Zinc in all solid biofuels. Further it describes methods for sample decomposition and suggests suitable instrumental methods for the determination of the elements of interest in the digests. The determination of other elements as Selenium, Tin and Thallium is also possible with the method described in this International Standard.

This International Standard describes methods for the determination of major elements of solid biofuels respectively of their ashes, which are Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na, Ti. The determination of other elements such as barium (Ba) and manganese (Mn) is also possible with the methods described in this international Standard.

This International Standard includes two parts: Part A describes the direct determination on the fuel, this method is also applicable for sulfur and minor elements, Part B gives a method of determination on a prepared 550 °C ash.

This Standard describes a method for the determination of total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in solid biofuels.

This international standard determines the terminology and definitions for solid biofuels. According to the scope of the ISO/TC 238 this standard only includes raw and processed material originating from

-     forestry and arboriculture,

-     agriculture and horticulture,

-     aquaculture

NOTE 1       Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit and aquatic biomass from the sectors mentioned above.

NOTE 2       Chemically treated material may not include halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals more than typical virgin material values (see ISO document on fuel specification and classes Part I). Treatment by air, water and heat is considered not to be chemical treatment.

Solid biofuels originating from different recycling processes of end-of-life-products are not within the scope but relevant terms are included for information. Areas covered by ISO/TC28/SC7 “Liquid biofuels” and ISO/TC193 “Natural gas” are excluded.

Other standards with a different scope than this International Standard may have different definitions than this standard.

This European Standard specifies a test method for the determination of the oxidation stability of fuels for diesel engines, by means of measuring the induction period of the fuel up to 48 h at 120 °C. The method is applicable to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) intended for the use as pure biofuel or as a blending component for diesel fuels, and to blends of FAME with petroleum-based diesel containing 2 % (V/V) of FAME at minimum.

NOTE 1       A similar test method for oxidation stability at 110 °C is described in EN 15751 [1], which applies to pure FAME and Diesel/FAME blends containing 2 % (V/V) of FAME at minimum. Another alternative for distillate fuels is described in EN ISO 12205 [3].

NOTE 2       For induction periods higher than 48 h the precision is not covered by the precision statement of this method. The limit values of the relevant fuel standards are well within the scope of this test method.

The presence of cetane improver can reduce the oxidation stability determined by this test method. Limited studies with 2-ethyl hexyl nitrate (EHN) indicated, however, that the stability is reduced to an extent which is within the precision range of the test method.

This European Standard gives guidelines for the characterisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) recyclates.

It gives the most important characteristics and associated test methods for assessing PET recyclates intended to be used for the production of semi-finished/finished products. It is intended for use by the supplier and purchaser of such materials, to assist them in agreeing on specifications.

This European Standard is applicable without prejudice to any existing legislation.